TUN-9016: update go to 1.24

## Summary

Update several moving parts of cloudflared build system:

* use goboring 1.24.2 in cfsetup
* update linter and fix lint issues
* update packages namely **quic-go and net**
* install script for macos
* update docker files to use go 1.24.1
* remove usage of cloudflare-go
* pin golang linter

Closes TUN-9016

Dockerfile.amd64

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # use a builder image for building cloudflare
-FROM golang:1.22.10 as builder
+FROM golang:1.24.2 AS builder
 ENV GO111MODULE=on \
   CGO_ENABLED=0 \
   # the CONTAINER_BUILD envvar is used set github.com/cloudflare/cloudflared/metrics.Runtime=virtual
@@ -11,10 +11,8 @@ WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/cloudflare/cloudflared/
 # copy our sources into the builder image
 COPY . .
 
-RUN .teamcity/install-cloudflare-go.sh
-
 # compile cloudflared
-RUN GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 PATH="/tmp/go/bin:$PATH" make cloudflared
+RUN GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 make cloudflared
 
 # use a distroless base image with glibc
 FROM gcr.io/distroless/base-debian12:nonroot